Dimensions of Identity Development Scale: Initial psychometric studies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v32i2.1244Keywords:
Identity development, Initial validation study, Adolescents, Emerging adults, PsychopathologyAbstract
This paper presents the development process and the initial psychometric studies of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS), an instrument for assessing identity development processes. The study involved 403 participants (ages ranging from 15 to 29 years) who answered the DIDS, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and a questionnaire about socio-demographic information. We analyzed the psychometric properties of DIDS. We conducted a confirmatory factorial analysis to study the construct validity. Convergent and discriminant validity were analyzed through: the Average Variance Extracted (AVE); the comparison between the VEM values with the value of the correlation to square between the factors; and the correlations between the BSI and the identity processes. The Portuguese version of DIDS showed acceptable composite reliability, internal consistency, and the proposed factorial structure was confirmed. The results suggest that DIDS would be more reliable by increasing of the number of items in some factors and eliminating some existing items. However, DIDS is an instrument that can be used to measure identity development processes among Portuguese adolescents and emerging adults.
Downloads
References
Alsaker, F. D., & Flammer, A. (2006). Pubertal maturation. In S. Jackson & L. Goossens (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent development (pp. 30-50). Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 22, 235-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500202
Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 2, 68-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x
Balistreri, E., Busch-Rossnagel, N. A., & Geisinger, K. F. (1995). Development and preliminary validation of the Ego Identity Process Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescence, 18(2), 179-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1995.1012
Brandão, T., Saraiva, L., & Matos, M. P. (2012). O prolongamento da transição para a idade adulta e o conceito de adultez emergente: Especificidades do contexto português e brasileiro. Análise Psicológica, 3, 301-313.
Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Smits, I., Papini, D. R., & Goossens, L. (2013). Development and validation of the revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-5): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 893-904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032642
Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this "we"? Level of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 83-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83
Canavarro, M. C. (2007). Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos: Uma revisão crítica dos estudos realizados em Portugal. In M. Simões, C. Machado, M. Gonçalves, & L. Almeida (Eds.), Avaliação psicológica: Instrumentos validados para a população Portuguesa (vol. III, pp. 305-331). Coimbra: Quarteto Editora.
Carter, E., & McGoldrick, M. (1995). The changing family life cycle – A framework for family therapy. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Chen, S., Boucher, H. C., & Tapias, M. P. (2006). The relational self revealed: Integrative conceptualization of the implications and interpersonal life. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 151-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.151
Côté, J. E., & Levine, C. (1988). A critical examination of the ego identity status paradigm. Developmental Review, 8, 147–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(88)90002-0
Côté, J., & Levine, C. (2002). Identity formation, agency and culture: A social psychological synthesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Crocetti, E., Schwartz, S., Fermani, A., & Meeus, W. (2010). The Utrecht Management of Identity Commitment Scale (U-MICS): Italian validation and cross-national comparisons. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 169-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000024
Crocetti, E., Luyckx, K., Scrignaro, M., & Sica, L. S. (2011). Identity formation in Italian emerging adults: A cluster-analytic approach and associations with psychosocial functioning. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 558-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.576858
Crocetti, E., Scrignaro, M., Sica, L. S., & Magrin, M. E. (2012). Correlates of identity configurations: Three studies with adolescent and emerging adult cohorts. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 41(6), 732-748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9702-2
Epp, A. M., & Price, L. L. (2008). Family identity: A framework of identity interplay in consumption practices. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(1), 50-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529535
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Eurostat (2016). Retirado de http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/DEMO_NIND.
Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., Guido, F. M., Patton, L. D., & Renn, K. A. (2010). Student development in college (2ª Ed.). San Francisco: John Wiley, Sons, Inc.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Garson, G. D. (2012). Structural Equation Modeling. Asheboro, NC: Statistical.
Guerreiro, M. D., & Abrantes, P. (2004). Moving into adulthood in a Southern European country: Transitions in Portugal. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Sociais, 3(3), 191-209.
Grotevant, H. D. (1987). Toward a process model of identity formation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2, 203-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074355488723003
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7rd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Iyer, A., Jetten, J., Tsivrikos, D., Postmes, T., & Haslam, S. (2009). The more (and the more compatible) the merrier: Multiple group memberships and identity compatibility as predictors of adjustment after life transitions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(4), 707-733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466608X397628
Jablonski, J., & Martino, S. D. (2013). A qualitative exploration of emerging adults’ and parents’ perspectives on communicating adulthood status. The Qualitative Report, 18(37), 1-12.
Kilstra, T. A., Hale, W. W., Raaijmakers, Q. A., Branje, S. J., & Meeus, W. H. (2010). Identity formation in adolescence: Change or stability? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2), 150-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9401-4
Kroger, J. (2002). Introduction: Identity development through adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0201_01
Kublikowsky, I., & Rodrigues, C.M. (2016). 'Kangaroo generations': New contexts, new experiences. Estudos Psicológicos, 33(3), 535-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752016000300016
Linares, J. L. (1996). Identidad y narrativa – La terapia familiar en la práctica clínica. Barcelona: Paidós Terapia Familiar.
Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., & Beyers, W. (2006). Unpacking commitment and exploration: Preliminary validation of an integrative model of late adolescent identity formation. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 361-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.03.008
Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Smits, I., & Goossens, L. (2008). Capturing ruminative exploration: Extending the four-dimensional model of identity formation in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 58-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.04.004
Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., Beyers, W., & Missotten, L. (2011). Processes of personal identity formation and evaluation. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 77-98). New York: Springer.
Luyckx, K., Klimstra, T., Duriez, B., Petegem, S., & Beyers, W. (2013). Personal identity processes from adolescence through the late 20s: Age trends, functionality, and depressive symptoms. Social Development, 22, 707-721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sode.12027
Luyckx, K., Klimstra, T., Schwartz, S., & Duriez, B. (2013). Personal identity in college and the work context: Developmental trajectories and psychosocial functioning. European Journal of Personality, 27, 222-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1903
Mastrotheodoros, S., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2016). Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS): A test of longitudinal measurement invariance in Greek adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14(5), 605-617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2016.1241175
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0023281
Marôco, J. (2007). Análise estatística – Com utilização do SPSS (3ª Ed.). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo, Lda.
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de equações estruturais – Fundamentos teóricos, software e aplicações. Pêro Pinheiro: ReportNumber, Lda.
Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Vollebergh, W. (1999). Patterns of adolescent identity development: Review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Developmental Review, 19, 419-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/drev.1999.0483
Meeus, W., van de Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Branje, S. (2010). On the progression and stability of adolescent identity formation: A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle and middle-to-late adolescence. Child Development, 81, 1565-1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01492.x.
Meeus, W. (2011). The study of adolescent identity formation 2000–2010: A review of longitudinal research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 75-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00716.x
Mendonça, M., Andrade, C., & Fontaine, A. (2009). Transição para a idade adulta e adultez emergente: Adaptação do Questionário de Marcadores da Adultez junto de jovens portugueses. Psychologica, 51, 147-168.
Mannerström, R., Hautamäki, A., & Leikas, S. (2017). Identity status among young adults: Validation of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS) in a Finnish sample. Nordic Psychology, 69(3), 195-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2016.1245156
Morsunbul, U., & Cok, F. (2014). The adaptation of the dimensions of identity development scale into Turkish. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27, 6-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270101
Pesigan, I. J. A., Luyckx, K., & Alampay, L. P. (2014). Brief report: Identity processes in Filipino late adolescents and young adults: Parental influences and mental health outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 599-604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.04.012
Santos, P. J., Ferreira, J. A., & Gonçalves, C. M. (2014). Indecisiveness and career indecision: A test of a theoretical model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85, 106-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.05.004.
Saraiva, L. M., & Matos, P. M. (2015). Becoming an adult in Portugal: Negotiating pathways between opportunities and constraints. In R. Zukauskien, Emerging adulthood in a European context (pp. 117-137). New York: Routledge.
Schwartz, S. H., & Rubel-Lifschitz T. (2009). Cross-national variation in the size of sex differences in values: Effects of gender equality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 171-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015546.
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Luyckx, K., Meca, A., & Ritchie, R. (2013). Identity in emerging adulthood: Reviewing the field and looking forward. Emerging Adulthood, 1(2), 96-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479781
Sedikides, C., & Brewer, M. B. (2001). Individual self, relational self, collective self. Psychology Press.
Sica, L. S., Sestito, L. A., & Ragozini, G. (2014). Identity coping in the first years of university: Identity diffusion, adjustment and identity distress. Journal of Adult Development, 21, 159-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10804-014-9188-8
Skhirtladze, N., Javakhishvili, N., Schwartz, S. J., Beyers, W., & Luyckx, K. (2016). Identity processes and statuses in post-Soviet Georgia: Exploration processes operate differently. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 19-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.006
Vieira, A. C. S., & Rava, P. G. S. (2012). Ninho cheio: Perspectivas de pais e filhos. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 14(1), 84-96.
Vignoles, V. L., Schwartz, S. J., & Luyckx, K. (2011). Introduction: Toward an integrative view of identity. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 1-27). New York: Springer.
Waterman, A. S., & Archer, S. L. (1990). A life-span perspective on identity formation: Development in form, function, and process. In P. B. Baltes, D. L. Featherman, & R.M. Lerner (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (vol. 10, pp. 30-57). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zimmermann, G., Lannegrand-Willems, L., Safont-Mottay, C., & Cannard, C. (2015). Testing new identity models and processes in French-speaking adolescents and emerging adults students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 127-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964- 013-0005-7