Estilos parentais, bullying e o papel mediador da sintomatologia psicopatológica em adolescentes e jovens adultos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v32i2.1345Palavras-chave:
Estilos parentais, bullying, sintomatologia psicopatológica, adolescentes e jovens adultosResumo
O bullying constitui um fenómeno que embora tenha vindo a assumir grandes repercussões nas últimas décadas, continua a carecer de uma abordagem compreensiva e relacional face às vivências dos jovens. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os estilos parentais percebidos, quer relativamente à mãe, quer relativamente ao pai, e testar o seu papel no envolvimento em comportamentos de bullying, assim como, analisar o papel mediador da sintomatologia psicopatológica na associação anterior. A amostra foi constituída por 1976 adolescentes e jovens adultos, com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 25 anos de idade (M = 17.22; DP = 2.50). Os resultados apontam para uma associação significativa dos estilos parentais dos pais face aos comportamentos de bullying e ainda para existência de um papel mediador da sintomatologia psicopatológica na associação entre estilos parentais e comportamentos de bullying. Os resultados serão discutidos à luz da teoria de Baumrind, assumindo a importância dos estilos parentais para o desenvolvimento psicológico e comportamental nos adolescentes e jovens adultos.
Downloads
Referências
Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2004). Bullying and victimization: cause for concern for both families and schools. Social Psychology of Education, 7, 35-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SPOE.0000010668.43236.60
Albino, P., & Terêncio, M. (2012). Considerações críticas sobre o fenómeno de bullying do conceito ao combate e à prevenção. Revista Eletrónica do CEAF, 1(2), 1-21.
Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood in Europe: A response to Bynner. Journal of Youth Studies, 9, 111-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676260500523671
Atik G., & Güneri O. (2013). Bullying and victimization: Predictive role of individual, parental and academic factors. School Psychology International, 34, 658-673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479699
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control of child behavior. Development, 37, 887-907. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1126611
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
Baumrind, D. (1997). Necessary distinctions. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 176-229. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0803_2
Berger, K. (2007). Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? Developmental Review, 27, 91-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2006.08.002
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol.2: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol.3: Loss, sadness and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Brand, S., Gerber, M., Beck, J., Kalak, N., Hatzinger, M., Pühse, U., & Holsboer-Trachsler, E. (2011). Perceived parenting styles differ between genders but not between elite athletes and controls. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 2, 9-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S16992
Bynner, J. (2005). Rethinking the youth phase of the life-course: The case for emerging adulthood? Journal of Youth Studies, 8, 367-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676260500431628
Byrne, B. M. (2006). Structural equation modelling with EQS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. 2nd Edition. New Jersey, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Canavarro, M. (1999). Inventário de sintomas psicopatológicos – BSI. In M. Gonçalves, L. Almeida, & M. Simões (Eds.), Testes e provas psicológicas em Portugal, vol. III (pp 77-100). Braga: APPORT.
Carvalhosa, S. (2010). Prevenção da violência e do bullying em contexto escolar. Lisboa. Climepsi Editores.
Carvalhosa, S., Lima, L., & Matos, M. (2001). Bullying – A provocação/vitimação entre pares no contexto escolar português. Análise Psicológica, 4, 523-537. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.384
Costello, J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 1015–1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02446.x
Cook, C., Williams, K., Guerra, N., Kim, T., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 65-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020149
Diaz-Aguado, M. J., Arias, R., & Seoane, G. (2004). Prevención de la violencia y lucha contra la exclusión desde la adolescencia.Vol.1. La violencia entre iguales en la escuela y en el ocio. Estudios comparativos e instrumentos de evaluación. Madrid: Instituto de la Juventud.
Derogatis, L. R. (1993). Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd Ed.). Minneapolis. MN: National Computers Systems.
Dracic, S. (2009). Bullying and peer victimization. Materia Sócio Medica, 21, 216-219.
Dogde, K., & Petit, G. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.349
Efobi, A., & Nwokolo, C. (2014). Relationship between parenting styles and tendency to bullying behaviour among adolescents. Journal of Education & Human Development, 3, 507-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejcop.v2i1.2
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation method, and model specification on structural equation modelling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, 56-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540119
Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
Georgiou, S. (2008). Bullying and victimization at school: The role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 109-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000709907X204363
Georgiou, S., & Fanti, K. (2010). A transactional model of bullying and victimization. Social Psychology of Education, 13, 295-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-010-9116-0
Georgiou, S., & Stavrinides, P. (2013). Parenting at home and bullying at school. Social Psychology of Education, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-012-9209-z
Gini, G. (2006). Bullying as a social process: The role of group membership in students'
perception of inter-group aggression at school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 51-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.12.002
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Rantanen, P., & Rimpela, A. (2000). Bullying at school – an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 661-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0351
Klomek, A., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I., & Gould, M. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 40-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18
Hokoda, A., Lu, H.-H., & Angeles, M. (2006). School bullying in Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6, 70-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J135v06n04_04
Hutz, C., & Bardagir, M. (2006). Indecisão profissional, ansiedade e depressão na adolescência: a influência dos estilos parentais. Psico-USF, 11, 65-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712006000100008
Laboviti, B. (2015). Perceived parenting styles and their impact on depressive symptoms in adolescent 15-18 years old. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 1, 171-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1p171
Lipps, G., Lowe, G., Gibson, R., Halliday, S., Morris, A., Clarke, N., & Wilson, R. (2012). Parenting and depressive symptoms among adolescents in four Caribbean societies. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-6-31
Macedo, M. (2010). Adolescência e psicanálise. Interseções possíveis. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs.
Machado, S. (2007). Padrões de vinculação aos pais em adolescentes e jovens adultos e adaptação à Universidade. Revista Portuguesa de Pedagogia, 41, 5-28.
Marôco, J. (2014a). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software e aplicações. Lisboa: Sílabo.
Marôco, J. (2014b). Análise estatística com o SPSS Statistics (6ª ed). Lisboa: Sílabo.
Martins, M. (2005). Agressão e vitimação entre adolescentes, em contexto escolar: Um estudo empírico. Análise Psicológica, 4, 401-425. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.558
Martins, M. (2009). Maus-tratos entre adolescentes na escola. Lisboa: Editorial Novembro.
Martins, M. J. D., & Castro, F. V. (2010). How is social competence related to aggression and/or victimization in school? International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 3, 305-315.
Meier, M., Carr, R., Currie, M., & Neimeyer, A. (2013). Attachment anxiety and avoidance in coping with bereavement: Two studies. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32, 315-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.3.315
Michiels, D., Grietens, H., Onghena, P., & Kuppens, S. (2010). Perceptions of maternal and paternal attachment security in middle childhood: Links with positive parental affection and psychosocial adjustment. Early Child Development and Care, 180, 211-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430903415064
Morris, A., Silk, J., Steinberg, L., Myers, S., & Robinson, L. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361–388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
Mota, C. P., & Rocha, M. (2012). Adolescência e jovem adultícia: Crescimento pessoal, separação-individuação e o jogo das relações. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 28, 357-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722012000300011
Neto, L (2005). Bullying: Comportamento agressivo entre estudantes. Jornal de Pediatria, 81, 164–172. http://dx.doi.org/0021-7557/05/81-05-Supl/S164
Newman, K., Harrison, L., Dashiff, C., & Davies, S. (2008). Relationships between parenting styles and risks behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review. Revista Latino-am Enfermagem, 16, 142-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692008000100022
Nishikawa, S., Sundbom, E., & Hägglöf, B. (2010). Influence of perceived parental rearing on adolescent self-concept and internalizing and externalizing problems in Japan. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9281-y
Nunes, F., & Mota, C. P. (2018). Parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire – adaptação da versão portuguesa de heterorrelato. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 27, 117-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ rcp.v27n1.64621
Olivari, M., Wahn, E., Maridaki-Kassotaki, K., Antonopoulou, K., & Confalonieri, E. (2015). Adolescent perceptions of parenting styles in Sweden, Italy and Greece: An exploratory study. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 11, 244–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i2.887
Olweus, D. (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411-448). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Wiley.
Olweus, D., & Limber, S. (1999). Blueprints for violence prevention: Bullying prevention program (Book Nine). Boulder, CO: C & M. Press.
Ok, S., & Aslan, S. (2010). The school bullying and perceived parental style in adolescents. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 536-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.138
Pereira, B. (2008). Para uma escola sem violência: estudo e prevenção das práticas agressivas entre crianças (2.ª Ed.). Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian.
Pontzer, D. (2010). A theoretical test of bullying behavior: Parenting, personality, and the bully/victim relationship. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 259-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10896-009-9289-5
Powell, M., & Ladd, L. (2010). Bullying: A review of the literature and implications for family therapists. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 38, 189-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926180902961662
Reitman, D., Rhode. P., Hupp, S., & Altobello, C. (2002). Development and validation of the parental authority questionnaire-revised. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24, 119-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015344909518
Reppold, T., & Hutz, S. (2003). Exigência e responsividade parental como preditores de depressão em adolescentes no sul do Brasil. Avaliação Psicológica, 3, 175-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-82712006000100008
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77, 819-830. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
Scabini, E., & Manzi, C. (2011). Family processes and identity. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 565-584). New York, NY: Springer.
Seixas, S. (2005). Violência escolar: Metodologias de identificação dos alunos agressores e/ou vítimas. Análise Psicológica, 2, 97-110. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.75
Silva, J., Morgado, J., & Maroco, J. (2012). The relationship between portuguese adolescent perception of parental styles, social support, and school behavior. Psychology, 3, 513-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.37074
Simões, S., Ferreira, J. J., Braga, S., & Vicente, H. (2015). Bullying, vinculação e estilos educativos parentais em adolescentes do 3º ciclo do ensino básico. Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social, 1, 30-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7342/ismt.rpics.2015.1.1.8
Skinner, A., Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5, 175-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0502_3
Skrzypiec, G., Slee, P., Murray-Harvey, R., & Pereira, B. (2011). School bullying by one or more ways: does it matter and how do students cope? Scholl Psychology Internacional, 32, 288-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034311402308
Soares, I. (2007). Relações de vinculação ao longo do desenvolvimento: Teorias e avaliação. Braga: Psiquilibrios.
Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. (2003). Perceived parenting styles, depersonalization, anxiety and coping behavior in adolescents. Personality and Individual Diferences, 34, 521-532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00092-2
