Parental violence before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown

Authors

  • Ricardo Barroso Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
  • Eduarda Ramião
  • Patrícia Figueiredo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.1715

Keywords:

Abusive parents, Adolescents, Adverse childhood experiences, Maltreatment, COVID-19

Abstract

It’s not clear if and how social distancing measures to control COVID-19 transmission may result in more occurrences of child and adolescent abuse perpetrated by their parents. Information often comes from indirect estimates and media reports. More evidence is needed from multiple sources, particularly from the potential victims. The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of violence perpetrated on adolescents by their parents before, during and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Portugal. Three different samples with adolescents aged 12–18 years were collected before (n = 1444), during (n = 1427) and after (n = 794) the lockdown and compared to verify variations concerning parental violence behaviors. Higher rates of aggressive parental behavior were found, but results showed that adolescents reported a reduction of psychological, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by their parents during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Implications and future research needs are discussed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Almiro, P., Almeida, D., Ferraz, M., Ferreira, R., Perdiz, C., Dias, I., Gonçalves, S., Simões, M. (2016). Escala de Desejabilidade Social de 20 itens (EDS-20). In M. Simões, L. Almeida & M. Gonçalves (Ed.), Avaliação Psicológica em contextos forenses: Instrumentos validados para Portugal (pp. 335-352). Pactor/Lidel.

Barroso, R., Figueiredo, P. & Ramião, E. (2018). Intervenção o âmbito da violência nas relações de namoro: resultados preliminares do projeto Violentómetro. In S. Neves & A. Correia (Edt.) Violências no Namoro (pp. 153-174). Edições ISMAI.

Barroso, R., Ramião, E., Figueiredo, P. & Araújo, A. (in press). Development and validation of the Interpersonal Violence Inventory (IVI). Psychological Assessment.

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L, Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532534

Bullinger, L.R., Feely, M., Raissian, K.M., & Schneider, W. (2020). Heed neglect, disrupt child maltreatment: a call to action for researchers. International Journal on Child Maltreatment, 3(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-019-00026-5

Chan, K. L., Lo, R., & Ip, P. (2021). From Exposure to Family Violence During Childhood to Depression in Adulthood: A Path Analysis on the Mediating Effects of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9–10), 4431–4450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518790596

Degli Esposti, M., Humphreys, D.K., Jenkins, B.M., Gasparrini, A., Pooley, S., Eisner, M., & Bowes, L. (2019) Long-term trends in child maltreatment in England and Wales from official record data, 1858–2016: an observational, time-series analysis. Lancet Public Health, 4(3), e148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30002-7

Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005

Every-Palmer, S., Jenkins, M., Gendall, P., Hoek, J., Beaglehole, B., Bell, C., Williman, J., Rapsey, C., Stanley, J. (2020). Psychological distress, anxiety, family violence, suicidality, and wellbeing in New Zealand during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study. Plos One, 15(11), e0241658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241658

Graham-Bermann, S. A., & Hughes, H. M. (2003). Intervention for children exposed to interparental violence (IPV): Assessment of needs and research priorities. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024962400234

Grimm, P. (2010). Social desirability bias. In J. N. Sheth and N. K. Malhotra (Eds.), Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., and Styra, R. (2004). SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infect. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10, 1206–1212. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323345/

Hoek, J., Beaglehole, B., Bell, C., Williman, J., Rapsey, C., & Stanley, J. (2020). Psychological distress, anxiety, family violence, suicidality, and wellbeing in New Zealand during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15(11): e0241658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241658

Hsu, L.-C., & Henke, A. (2020). COVID-19, staying at home, and domestic violence. Review of Economics of the Household, 19, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09526-7

Kim, S., & Lee, Y. (2021). Do Multiple Forms of Social Capital Mediate the Relationship Between Parental Violence and Children's Maladaptive Behaviors?. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(5-6), 2592–2611. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518760009

Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025–2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9

Labrum, T., Solomon, P., & Marcus, S. (2020). Victimization and perpetration of violence involving persons with mood and other psychiatric disorders and their relatives. Psychiatric Services, 71:5, 498-501. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900384

Lee J. (2020). Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19 [published correction appears in Lancet Child Adolescent Health. 2020 Apr 17]. Lancet Child Adolescent Health, 4(6), 421. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30109-7

Liu, X., Kakade, M., Fuller, C. J., Fan, B., Fang, Y., Kong, J., et al. (2012). Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003

Marmor, A., Cohen, N., & Katz, C. (2021). Child maltreatment during COVID-19: Key conclusions and future directions based on a systematic literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211043818

Mazza, M., Marano, G., Lai, C., Janiri, L., & Sani, G. (2020). Danger in danger: interpersonal violence during covid-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113046

Ministère de L’intérieur. (2020). Communiqué de presse conjoint du 28 avril 2020 - Enfance en danger : le Gouvernement mobilisé. https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Christophe-Castaner/Communiques/Enfance-en-danger-le-Gouvernement-mobilise

Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/pandemics-and-vawg-april2.pdf

Ragavan, M. I., Culyba, A. J., Muhammad, F. L., & Miller, E. (2020). Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67, 18–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.04.011

Rosenthal, C.M., Thompson, L.A. (2020). Child abuse awareness month during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(8), 812. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1459

Shields, M., Tonmyr, L., Hovdestad, W.E. (2019). The decline of child sexual abuse in Canada: evidence from the 2014 general social survey. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(9), 638–646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718818417

Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2021). Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713

UNESCO (2020). COVID-19 - Educational Disruption and Response, on May 14, 2020. https://en.unesco.org/news/covid-19-educational-disruption-and-response

United Nations. (2014). Assessing the socio-economic impacts of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rba/docs/Reports/EVD%20Synthesis%20Report%2023Dec2014.pdf

Van Gelder, N., Peterman, A., Potts, A., O'Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N. & Oertelt‐Prigione, S. (2020). COVID‐19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinicalMedicine, 21, 100348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100348

Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet, 395(10228), 945‐947. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30547-x

Published

2022-06-30

How to Cite

Barroso, R., Ramião, E., & Figueiredo, P. (2022). Parental violence before, during and after COVID-19 lockdown . PSICOLOGIA, 36(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.1715

Issue

Section

Non-thematic articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)