Dark, smoke-filled room: Politics in organizations, revisiting the past and envisioning the future

Authors

  • Sandra Lopes Miranda Escola Superior de Comunicação Social - Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa; CIES-IUL
  • Ana Cristina Antunes School of Communication and Media Studies

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.v34i1.1478

Keywords:

Politics, political behavior, political influence, organizational behavior

Abstract

Politics is, admittedly, a relevant component of the organizational life and dynamics that, acting in a more open or concealed manner, can have a profound, constructive or harmful impact on organizational behavior. Tracing a path that encompasses the last four decades of theoretical and empirical developments of politics in organizations, this literature review intends to draw a complete and comprehensive overview of this area. To that end, besides discussing the (in)definitions of the various concepts, theoretical perspectives and streams of research, a set of questions and proposals is raised, to provide grounds for reflecting and that, attending to the present gaps of knowledge, set new agendas for future research. We hope, with this article, to reenergize an area that has registered little interest in Portugal, as well as stimulate new theoretical and empirical developments regarding politics in organizations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Allen, R. W., Madison, D. L., Porter, L. W., Renwick, P. A., & Mayes, B. T. (1979). Organizational politics: Tactics and characteristics of its actors. California Management Review, XXII(1), 77-83.

Ammeter, A. P, Douglas, C., Gardner, W. L., Hochwarter, W. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2002). Toward a political theory of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 751-796.

Appelbaum, S., & Hughes, B. (1998). Ingratiation as a political tactic. Management Decision, 36, 85-95.

Bacharach, S. B., & Lawler, E. J. (1998). Political alignments in organizations: Contextualization, mobilization and coordination. In R. M. Kramer & M. A. Neale (Eds.), Power and influence in organizations (pp. 67-88). Sage.

Bass, M. B. (1981). Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications. Free Press.

Bedi, A., & Schat, A. C. (2013). Perceptions of organizational politics: A meta-analysis of its attitudinal, health and behavioural consequences. Canadian Psychology, 54, 246–259.

Blickie, G., Frider, R. E. & Ferris, G. R. (2018). Political Skill. In D. S. Ones, N. R. Anderson, C. Viswesaran, & H. K. Sinangil, (Eds), Sage handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (2ª Ed., pp. 299-319). Sage.

Block, P. (1988). The empowered manager: Positive skills at work. Jossey-Bass.

Bolino, M.C., Long, G. ,& Turnley, W. H. (2016). Impression management in organizations: Critical questions, answers, and areas for future research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 337-406.

Buchanan, D. (2008). You stab my back, I’ll stab yours: Management experience and perceptions of organization political behavior. British Journal of Management, 19, 49–64.

Buchanan, D. A., & Badham, R. (2008). Power, politics and organization change: Winning the turf game. Sage.

Cabral-Cardoso, C. (1995). A utilização simbólica e política de informação técnica: estudo de processos de decisão em I&D. Comportamento Organizacional e Gestão, 1(1), 77-90.

Cabral-Cardoso, C. (1996). The politics of technology management: influence and tactics in project selection. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(1), 47-58.

Chang, C., Rosen, C. C., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and employee attitudes, strain, and behavior: A meta-analytic examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 779–801.

Clegg, S. (1996). Conclusion: representations. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds). Handbook of organization studies (pp. 223-245), Sage.

Cobb, A. T. (1986). Political diagnosis: applications in organizational development. Academy of Management Review, 11, 482- 496.

Cooper, C. (2005). Just Joking Around? Employee humor expression as an ingratiatory behavior. Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 765-776.

Crozier, M. (1973). The problem of power. Social Research, 40, 211-218.

Cunha, M. P., Cunha, R. C., Rego, A., Neves, P. & Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2016). Manual de Comportamento Organizacional e Gestão. RH.

Dipboye, R. L., & Foster, J. (2002), Multi-level theorizing about perceptions of organizational politics. In F. J. Yammarino & F. Dansereau (Eds.), The many faces of multi-level issues (pp.255 – 270). NJ: Emerald Group.

Drory, A. (1993) Perceived political climate and job attitudes. Organizational Studies, 14, 59-71.

Drory, A., & Beaty, D. (1991). Gender differences in the perception of organizational influence tactics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 249-254.

Drory, A., & Romm, T. (1988). Politics in organization and its perception within the organization. Organization Studies, 9, 165-179.

Drory, A., & Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2010) Organizational politics and human resource management: A typology and the Israeli experience. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 194-202.

Elbanna, S. (2018). The constructive aspect of political behavior in strategic decision-making: The role of diversity. European Management Journal, 36( 5), 616-626.

European Values Study (2017). Consultado em 20 de fevereiro de 2019, em https://europeanvaluesstudy.eu/methodology-data-documentation/survey-2017/1st-pre-release-evs-2017/.

Falbe, C. M., & Yukl, G. (1992). Consequences for managers of using single influence tactics and combination of tactics. Academy of Management Journal, 35 (3), 638- 652.

Farrel, D., & Peterson, J. C. (1982). Patterns of political behaviour in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 7 (3), 403-412.

Ferris, G. R., Adams, G, Kolodinsky, R. Hochwater, W., & Ammeter, A. (2002). Perceptions of organizational politics: theory and research directions. In F. J. Yammarino & F. Dansereau, (Eds.), The many faces of multi-level issues: Research in multilevel issues (Vol. 1, pp. 179-254). Jay Press.

Ferris, G. R. Ellen III, P. B., McAllister, C. P., & Maher, L. (2019). Reorganizing organizational politics research: a review of the literature and identification of future research directions. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 299-323.

Ferris, G. R., Harrell-Cook, G., & Dulebohn, J. H. (2000). Organizational politics: The nature of the relationship between politics perceptions and political behavior. In S. B. Bacharach & E. J. Lawler (Eds.), Research in the sociology of organizations (Vol. 17, pp. 89-130). JAI Press.

Ferris, G. R., Judge, T. A., Rowland, K. M., & Fitzgibbons, D. E. (1994). Subordinate influence and the performance evaluation process: Test of a model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55, 101-135.

Ferris, G. R., & Kacmar, K. M. (1992). Perceptions of organizational politics. Journal of Management, 18, 93-116.

Ferris, G. R., Perrewé, P. L., Daniels, S. R., Lawong, D., & Holmes, J. J. (2017). Social influence and politics in organizational research: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 24 (1), 5–19.

Ferris, G. R., Russ, G. & Fandt, P. (1989). Politics in organizations. In R. A. Giacalone & P. Rosenfeld (Eds.). Impression management in organizations (pp. 143-170). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Ferris, G. R., & Treadway, D. C. (2012). Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations. Routledge.

Ferris, G.R., Frink, D. D., Galang, M. C., Zhou, J., Kacmar, K. M., & Howard, J. L. (1996). Perceptions of organizational politics: Prediction, stress-related implications, and outcomes. Human Relations, 49 (2), 233-268.

Franke, H. & Foerstl, K. (2018). Fostering integrated research on organizational politics and conflict in teams: A cross-phenomenal review. European Management Journal, 36 (5), 593-607.

Gandz, J., & Murray, V. V. (1980). The experience of workplace politics. Academy of Management of Journal, 23, 237-251.

Gardner, W. (1990). On leadership. Free Press.

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Doubleday Anchor.

Gotsis, G. N. & Kortezi, Z. (2010) Ethical considerations in organizational politics: Expanding the perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 93, 497-517.

Higgins C.A., Judge, T.A & Ferris G.R. (2003). Influence tactics and work outcomes: a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24 (1), 89–106.

Hochwarter, W. A. (2012). The positive side of organizational politics. In G. R. Ferris & D. C. Treadway (Eds.). Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations (pp. 27-66). Routledge.

Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., Laird, M. D., Treadway, D. C., & Gallagher, V. C. (2010). Nonlinear politics perceptions–work outcomes relationships: A three-study, five-sample investigation. Journal of Management, 36 (3), 740–763.

Kanter, R. M. (1973). Power failures in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, 57 (4), 65-75.

Kapoutsis, I., & Thanos, I. C. (2018). Politics in organizations: Lessons, challenges and future directions. European Management Journal, 36 (5), 589-592.

Kipnis, D., & Schmidt, S. M. (1982). Profile of organizacional influence stategies. San Diego: CA, University Associates.

Kipnis, D., Schmidt, S. M., & Wilkinson, I. (1980). Intra-organizational influence tactics: Explorations in getting one‘s way. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 440- 452.

Landells, E. M., & Albrecht, S. L. (2017). The positives and negatives of organizational politics: A qualitative study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32 (1), 41–58.

Lasswell, H. (1958). Democratic character. En Political vriting of H. Lasswell. NY: Free Press.

Lee, S., Han, S., Cheong, M., Kim, S. L., & Yun, S. (2017). How do I get my way: A meta analytic review of research on influence tactics. The Leadership Quarterly, 8 (1), 210-228.

Lepisto, D. A., & Pratt, M. G. (2012). Politics in perspective: on the theoretical challenges and opportunities in studying organizational politics. In G. R. Ferris & D. C. Treadway (Eds). Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations (pp. 67-98). Routledge.

Liu, Y., Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Prati, M.L., Perrewé, P.L., & Hochwarter, W.A. (2006). The emotion of politics and the politics of emotions: affective and cognitive reactions to politics as a stressor. In E. Vigoda-Gadot & A. Drory (Eds), Handbook of Organizational Politics (pp. 161-186). Edward Elgar.

Long, D.M., Baer, M.D., Coloquitt, J.A., & Dhensa-Khalon, R.K. (2015). What will the boss think? The impression management implications of supportive relationship with star and project peers. Personnel Psychology, 68 (3), 463-498.

Mahoney, M. J. (1995). Continuing evolution of the cognitive sciences psychoterapies. In R. A. Neimeyer & J. M. Mahoney (Eds), Constructivism in psychotherapy (pp.39-68). American Psychological Association.

Maniero, L. (1994). On breaking the glass ceiling: The political seasoning of powerful women executives. Organizational Dynamics, 22, 5-29.

March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Organizations revisited. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2, 299-316.

Maslyn, J. M., Farmer, S. M., & Bettenhausen, K. L. (2017). When organizational politics matters: The effects of the perceived frequency and distance of experienced politics. Human Relations, 70 (12), 1486-1513.

Mayes, B. T., & Allen, R. W. (1977). Toward a definition of organizational politics. Academy of Management Review, 2, 672-678.

McFarland, L. A., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Ployhart, R. E. (2012). Measurement and methodology in organizational politics research. In G. R. Ferris & D. C. Treadway (Eds.), Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations (pp. 99-129). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

Miller, B. K., Rutherford, M. A., & Kolodinsky, R. W. (2008). Perceptions of organizational politics: A meta-analysis of outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22 (3), 209-222.

Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around organizations. Prentice Hall.

Miranda, S. (2007). O tabu do poder e da política nos estudos organizacionais. Comunicação Pública, 4, 177-191.

Miranda, S. (2008). Liderazgo politica en las organizaciones: En busca de la teoria (Tese de doutoramento não publicada). Universidad Complutense de Madrid & Escola Superior de Comunicação Social, Madrid/Lisboa.

Miranda, S. (2010a). Looking at the organizations “backstage”: Contributions to political leadership. Comunicação apresentada na 12th Biennial Conference of the International Society for the Study of Work and Organizational Values, Lisboa, Portugal.

Miranda, S. (2010b). Proyectar un nuevo horizonte por los bastidores de las organizaciones: Por el camino del liderazgo político. Actas y Memoria Final del II Congreso Internacional AE-IC Comunicación y desarrollo en la era digital (pp. 18). Málaga, Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación.

Miranda, S. (2012). Contributions to political leadership in organizations: Antecedents, consequences, mediators and moderators variables. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Academy and Management Business, Polónia.

Miranda, S. (2017). Diz-me como comunicas e eu te direi quem és!: o lider enquanto ator político nas organizações. Comunicação apresentada no XV Congresso IBERCOM, Lisboa, Portugal.

Miranda, S. (2019a). Lideres politicamente corretos? Efeitos na satisfação e na confiança organizacional. Comunicação apresentada no 17º Lisbon Group on Leadership and Organizacional Studies, ISCSP, Lisboa, Portugal.

Miranda, S. (2019b). La cara "sombría" de los procesos de liderazgo: el papel de la comunicación interpersonal del líder. In V. Carrillo (Org.),. Métodos y experiencias de investigación en comunicación e información. Cuadernos Latina.

Miranda, S., Vicente, A., Antunes, A.C., Rodrigues, B., & D’Oliveira, T. (2012a). The dark side of organizational change: The moderating role of political behavior and organizational cynicism. Proceedings of the 12th IAMB Conference.

Miranda, S., Vicente, A., Antunes, A.C., Rodrigues, B., & D’Oliveira, T. (2012b). Agressão no trabalho em processos de mudança organizacional: O papel mediador do cinismo organizacional e do comportamento político. Comunicação apresentada no I Congresso Internacional de Psicologia do Trabalho e das Organizações, Braga, Portugal.

Miranda, S., Vicente, A., Antunes, A.C., Rodrigues, B., & D’Oliveira, T. (2013). Workplace aggression in organizational changing processes: The mediation role of political (soft and hard) behavior. Proceedings of the 15th IAMB Conference.

Munyon, T. P., Jacobs, J. S., Carnes, A. M., & Bohle, S. L. (2016). Pay-for-politics: Considering. the variable compensation - organizational politics relationship. In E. Vigoda-Gadot & A. Drory (Eds.), Handbook of organizational politics: Looking back and to the future (2ª Ed., pp. 115-147). Edward Elgar.

Peabody, R. L. (1963). Perceptions of organizational authority: a comparative analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 6(4), 463-482.

Ricoeur, P. (1965). De l’interpretation: essai sur Freud. Seuil.

Rodrigues., F. (2003). Género e antecipação do comportamento político: Um estudo em contexto organizacional. Análise Psicológica, 4(XXI), 499-518.

Rodrigues., F. (2010). The reproduction of power in organizations: A gender perspective. Comunicação apresentada na Gender, Work and Organization 2010 - 6th Biennial International Interdisciplinary Conference, Staffordshire, Inglaterra.

Rodrigues., F. (2013). Como tecer um caminho: a construção genderizada da(s) carreiras. Comunicação apresentada no VIII Simpósio Nacional de Investigação em Psicologia, Aveiro, Portugal.

Rodrigues, F. (2017). Impacto do género nos padrões de carreira. Superavit - Revista de Gestão & Ideias, 3, 7-30.

Rosen, C., & Perrewé, P. (2018). Power, politics and political skill in job stress. Free Press.

Rosen, C. C., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2014). Looking back and falling further behind: The moderating role of rumination on the relationship between organizational politics and employee attitudes, well-being, and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124 (2), 177-189.

Silvester, J. (2008). The good, the bad, and the ugly: Politics and politicians at work. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 23, 107-148.

Smith, A. N., Watkins, M. B., Burke, M. J., Christian, M. S., Smith, C. E., Hall, A., & Simms, S. (2013). Gendered influence: A gender role perspective on the use and effectiveness of influence tactics. Journal of Management, 39, 1156-1183.

Tedeschi, J. T., & Melburg, V. (1984). Impression management in the organization. In S. B. Bacharach, e E. J. Lawler (Eds.). Research in sociology of organizations (pp. 31-58). JAI.

Varman, R., & Bhatnagar, D. (1999). Power and politics in grievance solutions. Human Relations, 52(3), 349-383.

Verdasca, A. T. (2011). Workplace bullying, power and organizational politics: a study of the portuguese banking sector (SOCIUS Working Paper No. 6/2011).

Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Drory, A. (2006). Handbook of organizational politics. EEE.

Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Drory, A. (2016) Handbook of organizational politics (2ª Ed.). EEE.

Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Dryzin, D. (2006). Organizational politics, leadership and performance in modern public worksites: A theorical framework. In E. Vigoda-Gadot e A. Drory, Handbook of organizational politics (pp. 103-143). EEE.

Vigoda-Gadot, E., & Kapun, D. (2005) Perceptions of politics and perceived performance in public and private organizations: a test of one model across two sectors. Policy & Politics, 33 (2), 251-276.

Vigoda, E. (2001). Reactions to organizational politics: A cross-cultural examination in Israel and Britain. Human Relations, 54(11), 1483-1518.

Vigoda, E., & Cohen, A. (2002). Influence tactics and perceptions of organizational politics: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business Research, 55, 311-324.

Vinarski-Peretz, H., & Kidron, A. (2018). The shadow dance of political climate: Engagement in political behavior in local government authorities. European Management Journal, 36 (5), 608-615,

Yang, F., & Zhang, L. (2014), Leader political skill and team performance. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 286-295.

Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. Guilford Press.

Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6ª Ed.). Prentice-Hall.

Yukl, G., & Falbe, C.M. (1990). Importance of difference power sources in downward and lateral relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 416-423.

Yukl, G., & Falbe, C.M. (1992). Influence tactics and objectives in upward, downward and lateral influence attempts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 111-123.

Published

2020-08-07

How to Cite

Miranda, S. L., & Antunes, A. C. (2020). Dark, smoke-filled room: Politics in organizations, revisiting the past and envisioning the future. PSICOLOGIA, 34(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.v34i1.1478

Issue

Section

Thematic Number - Organizational Behavior