Social Media Addiction Scale validation in a Portuguese sample
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.1841Palavras-chave:
Social media addiction scale, Problematic use of social media, Validation, Psychometric propertiesResumo
This study aims to validate a scale to measure addiction to social media (SMAS) for the Portuguese population (SMAS-PV). The original 14 items’ SMAS was translated and back-translated from English to Portuguese. Psychometric scale validation procedures were followed. SMAS-PV’s properties were assessed in a sample of 605 Portuguese university and high-school students. A Parallel Analysis was carried out as a criterion for extracting factors in Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA), EFA for ordinal data, with unweighted least squares (ULS). This was followed by confirmatory factor analysis to examine whether the structure pattern fitted the Portuguese context. The resulting scale, with eight items in a two-component structure, compulsive feelings, and social consequences, demonstrated high reliability and validity. The Portuguese version of the social media addiction scale presented good psychometric qualities, constituting a credible instrument for assessing social media addiction. Participants with the highest addiction levels spend more time connected to social media.
Downloads
Referências
Al-Menayes, J. J. (2015). Dimensions of social media addiction among university students in Kuwait. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 4(1), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20150401.14
Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(2), 252. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000160
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological reports, 110(2), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517
Assunção, R. S., & Matos, P. M. (2017). The generalized problematic internet use scale 2: Validation and test of the model to Facebook use. Journal of Adolescence, 54, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.007
Auxier, B., & Anderson, M. (2021). Social media use in 2021. P. R. Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2021/04/PI_2021.04.07_Social-Media-Use_FINAL.pdf
Bányai, F., Zsila, Á., Király, O., Maraz, A., Elekes, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Andreassen, C. S., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). Problematic social media use: Results from a large-scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PloS one, 12(1), e0169839. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169839
Bayer, J. B., Anderson, I. A., & Tokunaga, R. (2022). Building and breaking social media habits. Current Opinion in Psychology, 101303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101303
Bryant, A., Bianco, D., Riddell, K., Gardner, A., Vaught, J., & Carpenter, R. (2019). Social media ethos: Raising awareness about communication center programs and outreach through the use of Twitter. Communication Center Journal, 5(1), 120-133.
Casale, S., Rugai, L., & Fioravanti, G. (2018). Exploring the role of positive metacognitions in explaining the association between the fear of missing out and social media addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 85, 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.020
Cheng, C., Lau, Y.-c., Chan, L., & Luk, J. W. (2021). Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values. Addictive Behaviors, 106845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106845
Chetioui, Y., Benlafqih, H., & Lebdaoui, H. (2020). How fashion influencers contribute to consumers' purchase intention. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-08-2019-0157
Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & De Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003
Csibi, S., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Szabo, A. (2021). Analysis of problematic smartphone use across different age groups within the ‘components model of addiction’. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(3), 616-631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00095-0
Drahošová, M., & Balco, P. (2017). The analysis of advantages and disadvantages of use of social media in European Union. Procedia Computer Science, 109, 1005-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.05.446
Dubovi, I., & Tabak, I. (2020). An empirical analysis of knowledge co-construction in YouTube comments. Computers & Education, 156, 103939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103939
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological methods, 4(3), 272. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Gerwin, R. L., Kaliebe, K., & Daigle, M. (2018). The interplay between digital media use and development. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 27(2), 345-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2017.11.002
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance use, 10(4), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359
Griffiths, M., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Throuvala, M., Pontes, H. M., & Kuss, D. J. (2018). Excessive and problematic use of social media in adolescence: A brief overview.
Hadley, B. (2017). Theatre, social media, and meaning making. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54882-1
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis (6 ed.).
Hancock, G. R., & Mueller, R. O. (2001). Rethinking construct reliability within latent variable systems. In Structural equation modeling: Present and future (Vol. 195, pp. 216). Scientific Software International.
Hunter, R. F., Gough, A., O’Kane, N., McKeown, G., Fitzpatrick, A., Walker, T., McKinley, M., Lee, M., & Kee, F. (2018). Ethical issues in social media research for public health. American journal of public health, 108(3), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304249
Kane, G. C. (2017). The evolutionary implications of social media for organizational knowledge management. Information and organization, 27(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2017.01.001
Karami, A., Lundy, M., Webb, F., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2020). Twitter and research: A systematic literature review through text mining. IEEE Access, 8, 67698-67717. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2983656
Kirezli, O., & Aydin, A. E. (2021). Understanding Social media addiction through personal, social, and situational factors. In P. Wamuyu (Ed.), Analyzing Global Social Media Consumption (pp. 155-182). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4718-2.ch009
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Kreski, N., Platt, J., Rutherford, C., Olfson, M., Odgers, C., Schulenberg, J., & Keyes, K. M. (2021). Social media use and depressive symptoms among United States adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 68(3), 572-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.006
Limniou, M., Ascroft, Y., & McLean, S. (2021). Differences between Facebook and Instagram usage in regard to problematic use and well-being. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-021-00229-z
Liu, C., & Ma, J. (2018). Development and validation of the Chinese social media addiction scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.046
Makki, T. W., DeCook, J. R., Kadylak, T., & Lee, O. J. (2018). The social value of snapchat: An exploration of affiliation motivation, the technology acceptance model, and relational maintenance in Snapchat use. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 34(5), 410-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2017.1357903
Marttila, E., Koivula, A., & Räsänen, P. (2021). Does excessive social media use decrease subjective well-being? A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between problematic use, loneliness and life satisfaction. Telematics and Informatics, 59, 101556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101556
McCracken, A., Cho, A., Stein, L., & Neill Hoch, I. (2020). A tumblr book: Platform and cultures. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11537055
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Why do people use Facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.007
Piwek, L., & Joinson, A. (2016). “What do they snapchat about?” Patterns of use in time-limited instant messaging service. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.026
Pontes, H. M., Andreassen, C. S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Portuguese validation of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale: An empirical study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(6), 1062-1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9694-y
PrakashYadav, G., & Rai, J. (2017). The Generation Z and their social media usage: A review and a research outline. Global journal of enterprise information system, 9(2), 110-116.
Rideout, V. (2016). Measuring time spent with media: The common sense census of media use by US 8-to 18-year-olds. Journal of Children and Media, 10(1), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2016.1129808
Rosenberg, H., & Asterhan, C. S. (2018). “WhatsApp, Teacher?”- Student Perspectives on teacher-student Whatsapp interactions in secondary schools. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 17, 205-226. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.28945/4081
Salyer, A. M., & Weiss, J. K. (2020). Real, Close Friends: The effects of perceived relationships with YouTube microcelebrities on compliance. POPULAR CULTURE STUDIES JOURNAL, 139.
Scott, C. F., Bay-Cheng, L. Y., Prince, M. A., Nochajski, T. H., & Collins, R. L. (2017). Time spent online: Latent profile analyses of emerging adults' social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.026
Statista. (2021). Number of social network users worldwide from 2017 to 2025. Statistica. Retrieved 2021-04-03 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/
Ulusoy, Ş. G., & Atar, Ö. G. (2020). Reflection of social media addiction on family communication processes. Adam Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 425-445. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.701858
Utz, S., Muscanell, N., & Khalid, C. (2015). Snapchat elicits more jealousy than Facebook: A comparison of Snapchat and Facebook use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(3), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0479
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 1(3), 237-244. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237
Zhang, A., & Rau, P.-L. P. (2021). A review and reappraisal of social media misuse: Measurements, Consequences, and predictors. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 37(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1807281
Zolkepli, I. A., & Kamarulzaman, Y. (2015). Social media adoption: The role of media needs and innovation characteristics. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 189-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.050
