Adaptation of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale for a sample of Portuguese population
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.1769Palavras-chave:
Facebook addiction, Social networking addiction, Internet addiction, Adaptation, ValidationResumo
The aim of this study is to adapt a Portuguese version of the original 18 items of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), via a translation / back translation process, using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in a Portuguese sample. The sample comprised 232 respondents from the general population. The modified BFAS acquires a different factor structure from the original, keeping 4 of the main theoretical elements (subscales) and 10 of the 18 original items. The results indicate that the Portuguese version of the original BFAS presents good psychometric qualities. The statistical techniques used in the study allowed assessing the reliability and validity of the modified BFAS. Nevertheless, further uses of this scale with other samples from the Portuguese population are necessary to confirm the obtained results.
Downloads
Referências
American Psychiatry Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2019). Definition of addiction. https://www.asam.org/ docs/default-source/quality-science/asam’s-2019-definition-of-addiction-(1).pdf?sfvrsn=b8b64fc2_2
Andreassen, C., & Pallesen, S. (2014). Social Network site addiction - An overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4053–4061. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990616
Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Gjertsen, S. R., Krossbakken, E., Kvam, S., & Pallesen, S. (2013). The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.003
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 501–517. https://doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.PR0.110.2.501-517
Balakrishnan, V., & Shamim, A. (2013). Malaysian Facebookers: Motives and addictive behaviours unraveled. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1342–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2013.01.010
Balcerowska, J. M., Bereznowski, P., Biernatowska, A., Atroszko, P. A., Pallesen, S., & Andreassen, C. S. (2020). Is it meaningful to distinguish between Facebook addiction and social networking sites addiction? Psychometric analysis of Facebook addiction and social networking sites addiction scales. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00625-3
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961. 01710120031004
Becker, M. W., Alzahabi, R., & Hopwood, C. J. (2013). Media multitasking is associated with symptoms of depression and social anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(2), 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0291
Çam, E., & Isbulan, O. (2012). A new addiction for teacher candidates: Social networks. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology - TOJET, 11(3), 14–19. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ989195
Canavarro, M. C. (1999). Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos: BSI [Inventory of Psychopathological Symptoms: BSI]. In M. R. Simões, M. Gonçalves, & L. S. Almeida (Eds.), Testes e provas psicológicas em Portugal (Vol. II) (pp. 87–109). SHO/APPORT.
Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb. 2010.03.012
Cotten, S. R., Anderson, W. A., & McCullough, B. M. (2013). Impact of internet use on loneliness and contact with others among older adults: cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(2), e39. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2306
Derogatis, L. R. (1975). Brief Symptom Inventory. Clinical Psychometric Research.
Derogatis, L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd ed.). National Computer Systems, Inc.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(11), 631–635. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0318
Fahrenberg, J., Hampel, R., & Selg, H. (1984). Das Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar FPI. Revidierte Fassung FPI-R und teilweise geänderte Fassung FPI-A1 [The Freiburg Personality Inventory FPI. Revised version FPI-R and partially modified version FPI-A1] (4th ed.). Hogrefe.
Feinstein, B. A., Bhatia, V., Hershenberg, R., & Davila, J. (2012). Another venue for problematic interpersonal behavior: The effects of depressive and anxious symptoms on social networking experiences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(4), 356–382. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp. 2012.31.4.356
Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS:(and sex and drugs and rock’n’roll). London: Sage.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/002224378101800313
Garcia, D., & Sikström, S. (2014). The dark side of Facebook: Semantic representations of status updates predict the Dark Triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.001
Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Social networking addiction: Emerging themes and issues. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, 04(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000e118
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados [Multivariate data analysis] (6th ed.). Bookman Editora.
Hong, F.-Y., Huang, D.-H., Lin, H.-Y., & Chiu, S.-L. (2014). Analysis of the psychological traits, Facebook usage, and Facebook addiction model of Taiwanese university students. Telematics and Informatics, 31(4), 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.01.001
Jelenchick, L. A., Eickhoff, J. C., & Moreno, M. A. (2013). “Facebook depression?” Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(1), 128–130. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.008
Kim, J., LaRose, R., & Peng, W. (2009). Loneliness as the cause and the effect of problematic Internet use: the relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2008.0327
Kline, R. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Koc, M., & Gulyagci, S. (2013). Facebook addiction among Turkish college students: the role of psychological health, demographic, and usage characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0249
Lee, Z. W. Y., Cheung, C. M. K., & Thadani, D. R. (2012). An investigation into the problematic use of Facebook. In 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1768–1776). https://doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2012.106
Leite, Â., Ramires, A., Amorim, S., Pedrosa E Sousa, H. F., Vidal, D. G., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2020). Psychopathological symptoms and loneliness in adult internet users: A contemporary public health concern. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030856
Marcial, D. E. (2013). Are you a Facebook addict? Measuring Facebook addiction at a Philippine university. Education, Research and Innovation III, 66, 12–15.
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software & aplicações [Structural Equation Analysis: Theoretical Foundations, Software & Applications]. ReportNumber, Lda.
Neto, F. (1989). Avaliação da solidão [Loneliness assessment]. Psicologia Clínica, 2, 65–79.
Nitzan, U., Shoshan, E., Lev-Ran, S., & Fennig, S. (2011). Internet-related psychosis-a sign of the times. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 48(3), 207–211. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22141146
Omar, S., Bolong, J., & Osman, M. (2011). Facebook addiction among female university students. Revista De Administratie Publica Si Politici Sociale, 3(7), 95.
Ponciano, E., Vaz Serra, A., & Relvas, J. (1982). Aferição da Escala de Auto-Avaliação de Ansiedade, de Zung, numa amostra da população portuguesa: Resultados da aplicação numa amostra da população normal [Measurement of the Zung Self-Assessment Anxiety Scale in a sample of the Portuguese population: Results of the application in a sample of the normal population]. Psiquiatria Clínica, 3, 191–202.
Pontes, H. M., Andreassen, C. S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Portuguese validation of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale: An empirical study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(6), 1062–1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9694-y
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
Ryan, T., Chester, A., Reece, J., & Xenos, S. (2014). The uses and abuses of Facebook: A review of Facebook addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(3), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.016
Ryan, T., & Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658–1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.509. 4258&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Soares, I., Machado, P. P., Dias, P., Pinho, A., & Klein, J. M. (2005). Inventário de Personalidade de Freiburg-Revisto (FPI-R): Estudo de validação junto de amostra de estudantes universitários [Freiburg-Revised Personality Inventory (FPI-R): Validation study with a sample of university students]. International Journal of Clinical Psychology, 5(2), 319–333. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? id=33750207
Statista (2021). Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide as of 4th quarter 2020. Internet - Social Media & User-Generated Content. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/
Tran, T. B. (2012). Rumination and emotional adjustment: The role of social networking sites: Vol. PhD. https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/818
Vaz-Serra, A., & Pio-Abreu, J. L. (1973). Aferição dos quadros clínicos depressivos. II – Ensaio de aplicação do “Inventário Depressivo de Beck” a uma amostra portuguesa de doentes deprimidos [Assessment of depressive clinical conditions. II - Application test of the “Beck Depressive Inventory” t. Coimbra Médica, 20, 623–644.
Xie, W., & Karan, K. (2019). Predicting Facebook addiction and state anxiety without Facebook by gender, trait anxiety, Facebook intensity, and different Facebook activities. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.09
Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Abu Samah, B., Zobidah Omar, S., Bolong, J., & Akhtar Kamarudin, N. (2014). Addictive Facebook use among university students. Asian Social Science, 10(6). https://doi.org/10.5539/ ass.v10n6p107
Zung, W. W. K. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12(6), 371–379. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0