Examinando a distinção entre automelhoramento e autoprotecção em adultos jovens: O papel da satisfação das necessidades básicas e ajustamento psicológico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.v35i2.1718Palavras-chave:
Automelhoramento, Autoprotecção, Necessidades psicológicas básicas, Autoestima global e contingente, Intolerância à incertezaResumo
Este estudo explora a distinção entre automelhoramento e autoprotecção relativamente à satisfação de necessidades básicas (i.e., autonomia, competência, relacionamento) e ao ajustamento psicológico (i.e., autoestima global e contingente, intolerância à incerteza) em adultos jovens. 531 estudantes universitários (365 mulheres e 166 homens) completaram questionários medindo automelhoramento e autoprotecção, satisfação de necessidades básicas, autoestima global, autoestima contingente e intolerância à incerteza. Foram usadas análises de correlação, correlação parcial e regressão hierárquica. Os resultados mostram que o automelhoramento e a autoprotecção estão diferentemente associados com satisfação de necessidades básicas e outros indicadores de ajustamento psicológico. O automelhoramento foi predito positivamente pela satisfação de necessidades básicas e pela autoestima global. Porém, a autoprotecção foi negativamente predita por essas variáveis, mas positivamente pela autoestima contingente e intolerância à incerteza. Estes resultados sugerem que o automelhoramento e a autoprotecção são motivos diferentes. O automelhoramento está relacionado com ajustamento psicológico e a autoprotecção com desajustamento psicológico.
Downloads
Referências
Akın, Ü, & Akın, A. (2015). The predictive role of self-compassion on self-handicapping in Turkish university students. Československá Psychologie, 59(1), 33-43.
Alicke, M. D., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self-enhancement and self-protection: What they are and what they do. European Review of Social Psychology, 20(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280802613866
Alloy, L. B., Wagner, C. A., Black, S. K., Gerstein, R. K., & Abramson, L. Y. (2011). The breakdown of self-enhancing and self-protecting cognitive biases in depression. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 358-379). The Guilford Press.
Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed., pp. 680-740). McGraw-Hill.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57(3), 547-579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb02384.x
Bégin, C., Fecteau, A., Côté, M., Bédard, A., Senécal, C., & Ratté, C. (2018). Disordered eating behaviors through the lens of Self-Determination Theory. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 14(3), 571-580. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i3.1577
Blanton, H., Buunk, B. P., Gibbons, F. X., & Kuyper, H. (1999). When better-than-others compare upward: Choice of comparison and comparative evaluation as independent predictors of academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 420-430. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.420
Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(2), 222-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.12.004
Campbell, W. K., & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving biases: A meta-analytic integration. Review on General Psychology, 3(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.1.23
Campbell, R., Soenens, B., Beyers, W., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2018). University students’ sleep during an exam period: The role of basic psychological needs and stress. Motivation and Emotion, 42(5), 671-681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9699-x
Carleton, R. N. (2012). The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives. Expert Reviews in Neurotheraputics, 12, 937-947. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.82
Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(6), 1152-1162. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1152
Çiffiliz, G., & Abayhan, Y. (2009, 24 Haziran). Koşula Bağlı Benlik Değeri Ölçeği’nin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması ve koşula bağlı benlik değeri ile reddedilme duyarlılığının incelenmesi [The adaptation of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale to Turkish culture and the examination of the relationship between contingent self-esteem and rejection sensitivity] [Sözel Bildiri]. Psikoloji Lisansüstü Öğrencileri Kongresi, İstanbul.
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı [Self-esteem in adolescents] [Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, Agency, and Self-esteem (pp. 31-49). Plenum Publishing Co.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., Gagné, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of a former Eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 930-942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278002
Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(6), 835-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0
Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31
Gagné, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27(3), 199-223. https://doi.org/0146-7239/03/0900-0199/0
Gentile, B., Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Birth cohort differences in self-esteem, 1988–2008: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology, 14(3), 26-268. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019919
Gramzow, R. H., Johnson, C. S., & Willard, G. (2014). Boasts are a boost: Achievement prime self-reactivity predicts subsequent academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 458-468. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035560
Hepper, E. G., Gramzow, R. H., & Sedikides, C. (2010). Individual differences in self-enhancement and self-protection strategies: An integrative analysis. Journal of Personality, 78(2), 781-814. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00633.x
Hodgins, H. S., Yacko, H. A., & Gottlieb, E. (2006). Autonomy and nondefensiveness. Motivation and Emotion, 30(4), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9036-7
Hoorens, V. (2011). The social consequences of self-enhancement and self-protection. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 235-257). The Guilford Press.
Johnson, E. A., Vincent, N., & Ross, L. (1997). Self-deceptive versus self-esteem in buffering the negative effects of failure. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1197.2187
Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1401_01
Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). Assessing stability of self-esteem and contingent self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 77-85). Psychology Press.
Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E., & Heppner, W. L. (2008). Secure versus fragile high self-esteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness: Converging findings across three different markers. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 477-512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00493.x
Knee, C. R., & Zuckerman, M. (1996). Causality orientations and the disappearance of the self-serving bias. Journal of Research in Personality, 30(1), 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1996.0005
Korman, A. K. (2001). Self-enhancement and self-protection: Toward a theory of work motivation. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy (pp. 121-130). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Kurman, J., & Eshel, Y. (1998). Self-enhancement, generality level of self-evaluation, and emotional adjustment. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138(5), 549-563. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549809600410
Lei, Y., & Duan, C. (2016). Relationships among Chinese college students’ defensive pessimism, cultural values, and psychological health. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 29(4), 335-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2015.1099516
Lynch, B. P., & O’Mara, E. M. (2015). Do autonomous individuals strive for self-positivity? Examining the role of autonomy in the expression of self-enhancement. Self and Identity, 14(4), 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1006244
Mackenzie, C. S., Karaoylas, E. C., & Starzyk, K. B. (2018). Lifespan differences in a self determination theory model of Eudaimonia: A cross-sectional survey of younger, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(8), 2465-2487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9932-4
Major, B., & Eliezer, D. (2011). Attributions to discrimination as a self-protective strategy: Evaluating the evidence. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of Self-enhancement and Self-protection (pp. 320-337). The Guilford Press.
McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2011). Achieving certainty about the structure of intolerance of uncertainty in a treatment-seeking sample with anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.010
Mitchell, M. S., Baer, M. D., Ambrose, M. L., Folger, R., & Palmer, N. F. (2018). Cheating under pressure: A self-protection model of workplace cheating behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(1), 54-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000254
O’Mara, E. M., Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., Zhou, X., & Liu, Y. (2012). A longitudinal-experimental test of the panculturality of self-enhancement: Self-enhancement promotes psychological well-being both in the west and the east. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(2), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.01.001
Petersen, L-E. (2014). Self-compassion and self-protection strategies: The impact of self-compassion on the use of self-handicapping and sandbagging. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.036
Robins, R. W., & Beer, J. S. (2001). Positive illusions about the self: Short-term benefits and long-term costs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.340
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
Sarı, S., & Dağ, İ. (2009). Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği: Endişe ile İlgili Olumlu İnançlar Ölçeği ve Endişenin Sonuçları Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği [Problem solving style, hopelessness, helplessness and haplessness as the predictors of psychopathology assessed by MMPI-2]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10, 261-270.
Schütz, A., & Tice, D. M. (1997). Associative and competitive indirect self-enhancement in close relationships moderated by trait self-esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27(3), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199705)27:3<257::AID-EJSP820>3.0.CO;2-1
Sedikides, C. (2007). Self-enhancement and self-protection: Powerful, pancultural, and functional. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 1-13.
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003). Pancultural self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.60
Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2003). Portraits of the self. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 110-138). Sage Publications.
Sedikides, C., & Luke, M. (2007). On when self-enhancement and self-criticism function adaptively and maladaptively. In E. Chang (Ed.), Self-criticism and self-enhancement: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications (pp. 181-198). APA Books.
Sedikides, C, Skowronski, J. J., & Gaertner, L. (2004). Self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: from the laboratory to an evolutionary context. Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, 2(1-2), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.2.2004.1-2.5
Sedikides, C., & Strube, M. J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, to thine own self be sure, to thine own self be true, and to thine own self be better. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 209-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60018-0
Sheldon, K. M., & Hilpert, J. C. (2012). The balanced measure of psychological needs (BMPN) scale: An alternative domain general measure of need satisfaction. Motivation and Emotion, 36(4), 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9279-4
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193
Taylor, S. E., Lerner, J. S., Sherman, D. K., Sage, R. M., & McDowell, N. K. (2003). Portrait of the self-enhancer: Well adjusted and well liked or maladjusted and friendless? Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 84(1), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.165
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2008). Do today's young people really think they are so extraordinary? An examination of secular trends in narcissism and self-enhancement. Psychological Science, 19(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02065.x
Twenge, J. M. (2014). Generation me-revised and updated: Why today's young Americans are more confident, assertive, entitled-and more miserable than ever before. Simon and Schuster.
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Increases in positive self-views among high school students: Birth-cohort changes in anticipated performance, self-satisfaction, self-liking, and self-competence. Psychological Science, 19(11), 1082-1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02204.x
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Gentile, B. (2012). Generational increases in agentic self-evaluations among American college students, 1966–2009, Self and Identity, 11(4), 409-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.576820
Twenge, J. M., & Foster, J. D. (2008). Mapping the scale of the narcissism epidemic: Increases in narcissism 2002-2007 within ethnic groups. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(6), 1619-1622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.014
Tice, D. M. (1991). Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 711-725. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.5.711
Uysal, A., & Knee, C. R. (2012). Low trait self-control predicts self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 80(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00715.x
Uysal, A., Lin, H. L., & Knee, C. R. (2010). The role of need satisfaction in self-concealment and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(2), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209354518
Vandenkerckhove, B., Soenens, B., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Brenning, K., Luyten, P., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2019). (2019). The role of weekly need-based experiences and self-criticism in predicting weekly academic (mal)adjustment. Learning and Individual Differences, 69, 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.11.009
Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032359
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040934
Wood, J. V., & Forest, A. L. (2011). Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain in interpersonal relationships. In M. D. Alicke & C. Sedikides (Eds.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (pp. 258-278). The Guilford Press.
Yildirim, A. (2015). The link between self-threat and the strategies of self-enhancement and self-protection: An investigation on the basis of Self-Determination Theory [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hacettepe University.
Zuckerman, M., & Tsai, F-F. (2005). Costs of self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 411-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.200500314.x
