O modelo das exigências-controlo e a saúde mental dos empregados: O papel mediador do conflito trabalho-família
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17575/psicologia.v34i1.1467Palavras-chave:
Conflito trabalho-famíliaResumo
Este estudo dois objetivos: analisar o efeito das características do trabalho propostas no modelo Job Demands-Control no conflito trabalho-família (WFC), e o efeito desta variável na saúde mental dos trabalhadores; considerar o papel mediador do WFC entre estas características do trabalho e a saúde mental. As hipóteses foram testadas, usando modelos de equações estruturais, em dois momentos, separados por um período de 6 meses, numa amostra de 958 empregados com funções diferentes numa organização portuguesa do setor de serviços. Os resultados mostram que as exigências do trabalho são significativas na determinação do WFC, o qual, por sua vez medeia a relação entre essas exigências do trabalho e a saúde mental dos funcionários seis meses depois. No entanto, a relação entre o controle e o WFC não foi significativa. O artigo destaca a relevância de intervir nas exigências do trabalho e no WFC para controlar a saúde mental dos trabalhadores.
Downloads
Referências
Allen, T. D., French, K. A., Dumani, S., & Shockley, K. M. (2020). A cross-national meta-analytic examination of predictors and outcomes associated with work–family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(6), 539-576. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/apl0000442
Allen, T.D., Herst, D.E.L., Bruck, C.S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for further research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278–308. https://doi.org/ 10.1037//1076-8998.5.2.278
Amstad, F.T., Meier, L.L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N.K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151–69. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/a0022170
Ângelo, R.P., & Chambel, M.J. (2014). The role of proactive coping in the Job Demands–Resources Model: A cross-section study with firefighters. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(2), 203-216. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/1359432X.2012.728701
Banks, M. et al. (1980). The use of the General Health Questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 187-194. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00024.x
Byrne, B.M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169–198. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009
Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M., & Williams, L.J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. https://doi.org/ 10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
Castanheira, F., & Chambel, M.J. (2010). Reducing burnout in call centers through HR practices. Human Resources Management, 49(6), 1047-1065. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/hrm.20393
Chambel, M.J., Carvalho, V.S., Cesário, F., & Lopes, S. (2017). The work-to-life conflict mediation between job characteristics and well-being at work: Part-time vs. full-time employees. Career Development International, 22(2), 142-164. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/CDI-06-2016-0096
Cole, D.A., & Maxwell, S.E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., & Bulters, A.J. (2004). The loss spiral of work pressure, work-home interference and exhaustion: Reciprocal relations in a three-wave study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 131-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00030-7
Edwards, J.R., & Rothbard, N.P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178–199. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/259269
Eurofound (2018). Striking a balance: Reconciling work and life in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union.
Fila, M.F., Purl, J., & Griffeth, R.W. (2017). Job demands, control and support: Meta-analyzing moderator effects of gender, nationality, and occupation. Human Resource Management Review, 27(1), 39-60. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.09.004
French, K. A., Dumani, S., Allen, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2018). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and social support. Psychological Bulletin, 144(3), 284–314. doi10.1037/bul0000120.
Frone, M.R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M.L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: Testing a model of the work–family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78. Https://doi.org/ 10.1037//0021-9010.77.1.65
Geurts, S., Kompier, M., Roxburgh, S., & Houtman, I.L. (2003). Does work–home interference mediate the relationship between workload and well-being? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 532–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00025-8
Goldberg, D., & Hillier, V. (1979). A scaled version of the general health questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139-145. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/s0033291700021644
Goode, W.J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25, 483-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092933
Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2006). Health consequences of work-family conflict: The dark side of the work-family interface. In P. L. Perrewé & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being: Vol. 5. Employee health, coping and methodologies (pp. 61–98). Elsevier Science/JAI Press. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S1479-3555(05)05002-X
Greenhaus, J.H., & Beutell, N.J. (1985). Sources of and conflict family between work and Family Roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/258214
Grzywacz, J.G., & Marks, N.F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/ I0.1037//I076-8998.5.1.11I
Hakanen, J.J., Schaufeli, W.B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The Job Demands-Resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work Stress, 22(3), 224–241. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02678370802379432
Ioakimidis, V., Santos, C.C., & Herrero, I.M. (2014) Reconceptualizing social work in times of crisis: An examination of the cases of Greece, Spain and Portugal. International Social Work, 57(4), 285–300. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0020872814524967
Johnson, J.V., & Hall, E.M. (1988). Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular disease. A cross-sectorial study of a random sample of the Swedish Working population. American Journal of Public Health, 78(10), 1336-1342. https://doi.org/ 10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336
Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., & Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley.
Karasek, R.A., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. (1998). The job content questionnaire: An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 322–355. https://doi.org/ 10.1037//1076-8998.3.4.322
Karasek, R.A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498
Karasek, R.A. (1989). Control in the workplace and its health-related aspects. In S.L. Sauter, J.J. Hurrell and C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Job control and worker health. Wiley.
Kelloway, E.K., & Barling, J. (1991). Job characteristics, role stress and mental health. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 64(4), 291–304. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1991.tb00561.x
Kossek, E.E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L.B. (2011). Workplace social support and work-family conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family-specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 289–313. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x
Kossek, E.E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 139-149. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.139
Luchman, J.N., & González-Morales, M.G. (2013). Demands, control, and support: A meta-analytic review of work characteristics interrelationships. Journal Occupational Health Psychology, 18(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/a0030541.
Mauno, S, Mäkikangas, A, & Kinnunen U (2016). A longitudinal person-centred approach to the job demands-control model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25(6), 914-927. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1187135
Michel, J.S., Kotrba, L.M., Mitchelson, J.K., Clark, M.A., & Baltes, B.B. (2011). Antecedents of work-family conflict : A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689-725. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/job.695
Monteiro, A.V. (2011). Assessment of the factor structure and reliability of the Portuguese version of the General Health Questionnaire-28 among adults. Journal of Mental Health, 20(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/ 10.3109/09638237.2010.492414
Neto, M., Carvalho, V.S., Chambel, M.J., Manuel, S., Pereira, M.J.P., & Reis, M.F. (2016). Work-family conflict and employee psychological well-being over time: The loss spiral effect. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine, 58(5), 429-435. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000707
Nohe, C., Meier, L.L., Sonntag, K. , & Michel, A. (2015). The chicken or the egg? A meta-analysis of panel studies of the relationship between work–family conflict and strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 522-536. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/a0038012
Peeters, M., de Jonge, J., Janssen, P., & van der Linden, S. (2004). Work – home interference, job stressors, and employee health in a longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(4), 305- 322. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.4.305
Schaufeli, W.B., & Buunk, B.P. (2003). Burnout: An overview of 25 years of research and theorizing. In M.J. Schabracq, J.A.M. Winnubst, and C.L. Cooper (Eds.), Handbook of work and health psychology (pp.383-425). Wiley.
Schaufeli, W.B., & Taris, T.W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. Bauer and O. Hämmig (Eds.), Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health: A Transdisciplinary Approach (pp.43-68). Springer.
Taris T., & Kompier M. (2006). Games researchers play extreme group analysis and mediation analysis in longitudinal occupational health research. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 32(6), 463-472. https://doi.org/ 10.5271/sjweh.1051
ten Brummelhuis, T.L., & Bakker, A.B. (2012). A resource perspective on the work-home interface: The work-home resources model. American Psychologist, 67(7), 545–556. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/a0027974
Vieira, J.M., Lopez, F.G., & Matos, P.M. (2014). Further validation of work family conflict and work family enrichment scales among Portuguese working parents. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(2), 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713493987
Warr, P. (2007). Work, happiness, and unhappiness. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
